54d9540c08
Files changed: - .wikitool-kb.json - AGENTS.md - CHANGES.md - INSTALL-MCP.md - INSTALL.md - README.md - VERSION - instructions/capture-session.md - instructions/dev/issue-tracking.md - instructions/german-terminology.md - instructions/kb-profiles.md - instructions/migrate-corpus.md - instructions/migrations/5.0.0-confidence-removal.md - instructions/private-instance.md - instructions/setup-instance.md - instructions/wiki-lint/SKILL.md - instructions/wiki-manage/SKILL.md - instructions/wiki-query/SKILL.md - kb/CONTRACT.md - kb/CONVENTIONS.md - kb/CONVENTIONS.md.template - kb/concepts/architectures/Consolidation Tiers.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Context Isolation.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Cross-platform Agent Skills.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Episodic Memory.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Hybrid Search.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Implementation Spectrum.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Knowledge Graph.md - kb/concepts/architectures/LLM Wiki Pattern.md - kb/concepts/architectures/MCP-Leseserver.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Memory Lifecycle.md - kb/concepts/architectures/OKF Compatibility.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Optional Instance Context File.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Personalization Plane.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Procedural Memory.md - kb/concepts/architectures/RAG.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Scale Ceiling.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Semantic Memory.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Three-Layer Architecture.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Token Economics.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Working Memory.md - kb/concepts/decisions/Delete Rather Than Anonymize.md - kb/concepts/decisions/Denylist over Allowlist.md - kb/concepts/decisions/Diff-Reviewable Agent Edits.md - kb/concepts/decisions/Dual Licensing by File Plan.md - kb/concepts/decisions/Issue Label Scheme.md - kb/concepts/decisions/KB Stack Versioning.md - kb/concepts/decisions/Structural Enforcement over Documented Rule.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Audit Trail.md - kb/concepts/patterns/BM25.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Command Round-Trip Integrity.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Confidence Scoring.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Contradiction Resolution.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Entity Extraction.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Filter on Ingest.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Forgetting.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Graph Traversal.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Mesh Sync.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Quality Scoring.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Reciprocal Rank Fusion.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Self-Healing.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Shared vs Private.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Typed Relationships.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Vector Search.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Work Coordination.md - kb/concepts/problems/Ambient Environment Dependency.md - kb/concepts/problems/Detect-Repair Asymmetry.md - kb/concepts/problems/Green Suite Blind Spot.md - kb/concepts/problems/Naming Convention Conflict.md - kb/concepts/problems/Write-Once Frontmatter Fields.md - kb/concepts/protocols/CPPC.md - kb/concepts/protocols/Modbus.md - kb/concepts/protocols/SSD TRIM.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Anti-Cramming Heuristic.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Bulk Operations.md - kb/concepts/workflows/CI Integration.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Checkpoint Audit.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Claude Code Auto Mode.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Content Quality Control.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Crystallization.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Event-Driven Automation.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Hooks.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Index Scaling.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Iteration and Cost Limits.md - kb/concepts/workflows/KB Migration.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Knowledge Compounding.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Lint Workflow.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Mass-Update Gate.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Multi-Agent Collaboration.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Privacy and Governance.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Publish-Remote Gate.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Quality and Self-Correction.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Semantic Lint Automation.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Session Orientation.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Split Merge Reclassify.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Split Threshold.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Stub Threshold.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Supersession.md - kb/concepts/workflows/User Management.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Workflow Extraction.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Workflow Orchestration.md - kb/entities/people/Andrej Karpathy.md - kb/entities/people/E3DC GmbH.md - kb/entities/people/Rohit Gupta.md - kb/entities/people/Vannevar Bush.md - kb/entities/projects/BCDModule.md - kb/entities/projects/Chemenu.md - kb/entities/projects/andybalholm-edl.md - kb/entities/projects/goresponsiveness.md - kb/entities/projects/ha-core.md - kb/entities/projects/hacs-e3dc.md - kb/entities/projects/hacs-integration-blueprint.md - kb/entities/projects/llm-wiki-skills.md - kb/entities/projects/plugnburn-edl.md - kb/entities/projects/wiki-skills-vanillaflava.md - kb/entities/projects/wiki-skills.md - kb/entities/systems/AGENTS.md.md - kb/entities/systems/CLAUDE.md.md - kb/entities/systems/E3DC.md - kb/entities/systems/ENVIRONMENT.md.md - kb/entities/systems/Memex.md - kb/entities/systems/Tolkien Gateway.md - kb/entities/technologies/Arch Linux.md - kb/entities/technologies/Disk Encryption.md - kb/entities/technologies/Docker.md - kb/entities/technologies/GRUB.md - kb/entities/technologies/Gitea Actions.md - kb/entities/technologies/Gitea.md - kb/entities/technologies/Go.md - kb/entities/technologies/Home Assistant.md - kb/entities/technologies/Kernel PM Governors.md - kb/entities/technologies/LVM.md - kb/entities/technologies/Linux Kernel.md - kb/entities/technologies/MQTT.md - kb/entities/technologies/OPC UA.md - kb/entities/technologies/Python.md - kb/entities/technologies/Rust.md - kb/entities/technologies/Wine GE.md - kb/entities/technologies/Wine-Staging.md - kb/entities/technologies/acpi-cpufreq.md - kb/entities/technologies/amd-pstate.md - kb/entities/technologies/iii Engine.md - kb/entities/tools/AUR.md - kb/entities/tools/Act Runner.md - kb/entities/tools/Agent Memory.md - kb/entities/tools/Aura.md - kb/entities/tools/Bottles.md - kb/entities/tools/ChatGPT.md - kb/entities/tools/Claude Code.md - kb/entities/tools/Codex CLI.md - kb/entities/tools/Dataview.md - kb/entities/tools/GPG.md - kb/entities/tools/GitHub Copilot.md - kb/entities/tools/Gitea MCP Server.md - kb/entities/tools/Lutris.md - kb/entities/tools/Marp.md - kb/entities/tools/Mistral Vibe.md - kb/entities/tools/NotebookLM.md - kb/entities/tools/Obsidian Web Clipper.md - kb/entities/tools/Obsidian.md - kb/entities/tools/OpenAI Codex.md - kb/entities/tools/OpenCode.md - kb/entities/tools/Pi.md - kb/entities/tools/Proton.md - kb/entities/tools/Steam.md - kb/entities/tools/Wine.md - kb/entities/tools/awesome-llm-wiki.md - kb/entities/tools/farzaa gist.md - kb/entities/tools/gdeploy.md - kb/entities/tools/makepkg.md - kb/entities/tools/pascalandy schema.md - kb/entities/tools/qmd.md - kb/entities/tools/wikitool.md - kb/index.md - kb/log.md - raw/CONTRACT.md - tools/CONTRACT.md - tools/README.md - tools/chemenu/api.py - tools/chemenu/cli.py - tools/chemenu/commands/confidence_decay.py - tools/chemenu/commands/docs_verify.py - tools/chemenu/commands/doctor.py - tools/chemenu/commands/index_build.py - tools/chemenu/commands/new_page.py - tools/chemenu/commands/search.py - tools/chemenu/commands/touch.py - tools/chemenu/commands/version_cmd.py - tools/chemenu/conventions.py - tools/chemenu/corpus_diff.py - tools/chemenu/frontmatter_io.py - tools/chemenu/lint_core.py - tools/chemenu/mcp/server.py - tools/chemenu/page.py - tools/chemenu/search/base.py - tools/chemenu/search/filters.py - tools/chemenu/search/ripgrep.py - tools/chemenu/search/service.py - tools/chemenu/search/types.py - tools/chemenu/tests/conftest.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_api.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_confidence_decay.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_corpus_diff.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_docs_verify.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_frontmatter_io.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_index_build.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_kb_scan.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_lint.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_mcp_server.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_new_page.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_page_ops.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_provenance.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_raw_cmd.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_search.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_touch.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_type_resolver.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_version_cmd.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_xref.py - tools/chemenu/version.py - types/concept.md - types/concept.schema.yaml - types/entity.md - types/entity.schema.yaml - types/instruction.md - types/type-spec.md
165 lines
5.8 KiB
Markdown
165 lines
5.8 KiB
Markdown
---
|
|
type: types/entity.md
|
|
entity_type: technology
|
|
tags: [encryption, storage, security, dm-crypt, luke, linux]
|
|
created: 2026-07-31
|
|
modified: 2026-08-29
|
|
related:
|
|
- see-also: LVM
|
|
- see-also: Arch Linux
|
|
sources: [Source - Arch Linux Cheat Sheet]
|
|
provenance: sourced
|
|
summary: Schutz ruhender Daten über das Kernelmodul dm-crypt und die LUKS-Schlüsselverwaltung zur transparenten Verschlüsselung von Speichergeräten unter Linux.
|
|
---
|
|
# Disk Encryption
|
|
|
|
**Typ:** technology
|
|
|
|
## Beschreibung
|
|
|
|
Disk-Verschlüsselung bietet Schutz ruhender Daten auf Speichergeräten durch kryptographische Algorithmen. Unter Linux wird dies hauptsächlich durch das **dm-crypt** Kernel-Modul kombiniert mit **LUKS** (Linux Unified Key Setup) zur Schlüsselverwaltung implementiert. Diese Technologie schützt sensible Daten auf SSDs und HDDs vor unbefugtem Zugriff, besonders wichtig für Laptops, externe Laufwerke und Server mit physischen Zugriffsproblemen.
|
|
|
|
## Kerndaten
|
|
|
|
- **Zweck:** Verschlüsselung gesamter Festplatte und Partitionen
|
|
- **Status:** Aktiv, weit verbreitet
|
|
- **Kernel-Modul:** dm-crypt (device-mapper Crypto Target)
|
|
- **Schlüsselverwaltung:** LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup)
|
|
- **Verschlüsselungsalgorithmen:** AES, XTS, Serpent, Twofish, Camellia
|
|
- **Hash-Algorithmen:** SHA-256, SHA-512, SHA-1 (Legacy)
|
|
|
|
## Komponenten
|
|
|
|
### dm-crypt
|
|
Das device-mapper Crypto Target, das transparente Verschlüsselung von Block-Geräten bietet. Es arbeitet auf der Block-Geräte-Ebene und verschlüsselt/entschlüsselt Daten im laufenden Betrieb.
|
|
|
|
**Hauptmerkmale:**
|
|
- Transparente Verschlüsselung/Entschlüsselung
|
|
- Unterstützt mehrere Verschlüsselungsmodi (ECB, CBC, XTS usw.)
|
|
- Funktioniert mit beliebigen Block-Geräten
|
|
- Kann gesamte Festplatten oder einzelne Partitionen verschlüsseln
|
|
|
|
### LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup)
|
|
Eine Spezifikation für Disk-Verschlüsselung, die eine standardisierte Methode zur Verwaltung von Verschlüsselungsschlüsseln bietet. LUKS fügt einen Header zum verschlüsselten Gerät hinzu, das die Schlüssel-Slots, Metadaten und Checksummen enthält.
|
|
|
|
**Hauptmerkmale:**
|
|
- Mehrere Schlüssel-Slots (bis zu 8 in LUKS1, mehr in LUKS2)
|
|
- Schlüssel-Slot-Verwaltung (hinzufügen, entfernen, Passphrasen ändern)
|
|
- Header-Backup und -Wiederherstellung
|
|
- Unterstützung für Schlüsseldateien
|
|
- Anti-Forensik-Funktionen (LUKS2)
|
|
|
|
## Einrichtung und Konfiguration
|
|
|
|
### Erstellen einer verschlüsselten Partition
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Erstelle LUKS-Container
|
|
cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdX1
|
|
|
|
# Öffne (entsperre) die verschlüsselte Partition
|
|
cryptsetup open /dev/sdX1 crypted
|
|
|
|
# Erstelle Dateisystem auf entschlüsseltem Gerät
|
|
mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/crypted
|
|
|
|
# Hänge das Dateisystem ein
|
|
mount /dev/mapper/crypted /mnt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Ändern der Größe verschlüsselter Partitionen
|
|
|
|
Bei Verwendung von LUKS mit LVM (häufige Konfiguration) ist der Arbeitsablauf zum Größenändern:
|
|
|
|
1. **Ändere die Größe des zugrunde liegenden Block-Geräts** (z.B. VM-Festplatte erweitern)
|
|
2. **Ändere die Größe des LUKS-Containers**
|
|
3. **Ändere die Größe des LVM Physical Volume**
|
|
4. **Ändere die Größe des LVM Logical Volume**
|
|
5. **Ändere die Größe des Dateisystems**
|
|
|
|
**Beispiel für ESXi/SCSI:**
|
|
```bash
|
|
# SCSI-Bus neu scannen, um erweiterte Festplatte zu sehen
|
|
echo "1" > /sys/class/block/sdb/device/rescan
|
|
|
|
# Prüfe Festplattengröße
|
|
fdisk -l /dev/xyz
|
|
|
|
# Ändere Größe des LUKS-Containers
|
|
cryptsetup status crypted
|
|
cryptsetup resize crypted
|
|
cryptsetup status crypted
|
|
|
|
# Ändere Größe des LVM PV (siehe [[LVM]])
|
|
pvresize /dev/mapper/crypted
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## SSD-TRIM-Unterstützung
|
|
|
|
SSD TRIM ermöglicht es dem Betriebssystem, der SSD mitzuteilen, welche Blöcke nicht mehr in Gebrauch sind und verbessert damit Leistung und Haltbarkeit. Bei verschlüsselten Festplatten erfordert TRIM-Unterstützung eine sorgfältige Konfiguration.
|
|
|
|
### Aktivieren von TRIM auf verschlüsselten SSDs
|
|
|
|
**Wichtig:** Das Zulassen von discard (TRIM) auf verschlüsselten Geräten kann Informationen über verwendete Blöcke verraten. Bedenke die Sicherheitsauswirkungen.
|
|
|
|
**Optionen:**
|
|
1. **Erlaube discard auf LUKS-Ebene:**
|
|
```bash
|
|
cryptsetup reencrypt --encrypt --reduce-device-size 16M --allow-discards /dev/sdX
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
2. **Verwende fstrim auf gemountettem Dateisystem:**
|
|
```bash
|
|
fstrim /mount/point
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
3. **Konfiguriere periodisches TRIM:**
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Aktiviere systemd-Timer
|
|
systemctl enable fstrim.timer
|
|
systemctl start fstrim.timer
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
**Referenz:** https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Specialties#Discard/TRIM_support_for_solid_state_drives_(SSD)
|
|
|
|
## Beziehungen
|
|
|
|
(häufige Distribution für Verschlüsselung)
|
|
- **Ergänzt:** [[LVM]] (Logical Volume Manager)
|
|
(Leistungsoptimierung)
|
|
und anderen Systemen
|
|
Ansatz
|
|
|
|
## Sicherheitsaspekte
|
|
|
|
### Best Practices
|
|
|
|
1. **Verwende starke Passphrasen:** Lange, komplexe Passphrasen mit hoher Entropie
|
|
2. **Backup LUKS-Header:** `cryptsetup luksHeaderBackup /dev/sdX1 --header-backup-file header.img`
|
|
3. **Mehrere Schlüssel-Slots:** Speichere Backup-Schlüssel in separaten Slots
|
|
4. **Schlüsseldateien:** Erwäge Schlüsseldateien für headless-Systeme
|
|
5. **Vermeide discard:** Für maximale Sicherheit, deaktiviere TRIM auf verschlüsselten Geräten
|
|
|
|
### Einschränkungen
|
|
|
|
- **Schützt nicht vor:** Evil-Maid-Angriffen, Keyloggern, Schulter-Blicken
|
|
- **Leistungs-Overhead:** Verschlüsselung/Entschlüsselung fügt CPU-Overhead hinzu (typischerweise 5-10%)
|
|
- **Wiederherstellung:** Verlorene Passphrase = verlorene Daten (kein Hintertür)
|
|
|
|
## Siehe auch
|
|
|
|
- [[LVM]] - Logical Volume Manager
|
|
- TRIM-Optimierung für SSDs
|
|
- Distribution mit hervorragender Verschlüsselungsunterstützung
|
|
- [[Source - Arch Linux Cheat Sheet]]
|
|
- https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt
|
|
- https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/LUKS
|
|
- https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup
|
|
|
|
<!-- wikitool:links -->
|
|
## Beziehungen
|
|
|
|
- **see-also:** [[LVM]]
|
|
- **see-also:** [[Arch Linux]]
|
|
<!-- /wikitool:links -->
|