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stack: Konfidenz-Mechanismus ersatzlos entfernt, Korpus migriert (schliesst #60, #86)
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---
type: types/entity.md
entity_type: technology
tags: [encryption, storage, security, dm-crypt, luke, linux]
created: 2026-07-31
modified: 2026-08-29
related:
- see-also: LVM
- see-also: Arch Linux
sources: [Source - Arch Linux Cheat Sheet]
provenance: sourced
summary: Schutz ruhender Daten über das Kernelmodul dm-crypt und die LUKS-Schlüsselverwaltung zur transparenten Verschlüsselung von Speichergeräten unter Linux.
---
# Disk Encryption
**Typ:** technology
## Beschreibung
Disk-Verschlüsselung bietet Schutz ruhender Daten auf Speichergeräten durch kryptographische Algorithmen. Unter Linux wird dies hauptsächlich durch das **dm-crypt** Kernel-Modul kombiniert mit **LUKS** (Linux Unified Key Setup) zur Schlüsselverwaltung implementiert. Diese Technologie schützt sensible Daten auf SSDs und HDDs vor unbefugtem Zugriff, besonders wichtig für Laptops, externe Laufwerke und Server mit physischen Zugriffsproblemen.
## Kerndaten
- **Zweck:** Verschlüsselung gesamter Festplatte und Partitionen
- **Status:** Aktiv, weit verbreitet
- **Kernel-Modul:** dm-crypt (device-mapper Crypto Target)
- **Schlüsselverwaltung:** LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup)
- **Verschlüsselungsalgorithmen:** AES, XTS, Serpent, Twofish, Camellia
- **Hash-Algorithmen:** SHA-256, SHA-512, SHA-1 (Legacy)
## Komponenten
### dm-crypt
Das device-mapper Crypto Target, das transparente Verschlüsselung von Block-Geräten bietet. Es arbeitet auf der Block-Geräte-Ebene und verschlüsselt/entschlüsselt Daten im laufenden Betrieb.
**Hauptmerkmale:**
- Transparente Verschlüsselung/Entschlüsselung
- Unterstützt mehrere Verschlüsselungsmodi (ECB, CBC, XTS usw.)
- Funktioniert mit beliebigen Block-Geräten
- Kann gesamte Festplatten oder einzelne Partitionen verschlüsseln
### LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup)
Eine Spezifikation für Disk-Verschlüsselung, die eine standardisierte Methode zur Verwaltung von Verschlüsselungsschlüsseln bietet. LUKS fügt einen Header zum verschlüsselten Gerät hinzu, das die Schlüssel-Slots, Metadaten und Checksummen enthält.
**Hauptmerkmale:**
- Mehrere Schlüssel-Slots (bis zu 8 in LUKS1, mehr in LUKS2)
- Schlüssel-Slot-Verwaltung (hinzufügen, entfernen, Passphrasen ändern)
- Header-Backup und -Wiederherstellung
- Unterstützung für Schlüsseldateien
- Anti-Forensik-Funktionen (LUKS2)
## Einrichtung und Konfiguration
### Erstellen einer verschlüsselten Partition
```bash
# Erstelle LUKS-Container
cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdX1
# Öffne (entsperre) die verschlüsselte Partition
cryptsetup open /dev/sdX1 crypted
# Erstelle Dateisystem auf entschlüsseltem Gerät
mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/crypted
# Hänge das Dateisystem ein
mount /dev/mapper/crypted /mnt
```
### Ändern der Größe verschlüsselter Partitionen
Bei Verwendung von LUKS mit LVM (häufige Konfiguration) ist der Arbeitsablauf zum Größenändern:
1. **Ändere die Größe des zugrunde liegenden Block-Geräts** (z.B. VM-Festplatte erweitern)
2. **Ändere die Größe des LUKS-Containers**
3. **Ändere die Größe des LVM Physical Volume**
4. **Ändere die Größe des LVM Logical Volume**
5. **Ändere die Größe des Dateisystems**
**Beispiel für ESXi/SCSI:**
```bash
# SCSI-Bus neu scannen, um erweiterte Festplatte zu sehen
echo "1" > /sys/class/block/sdb/device/rescan
# Prüfe Festplattengröße
fdisk -l /dev/xyz
# Ändere Größe des LUKS-Containers
cryptsetup status crypted
cryptsetup resize crypted
cryptsetup status crypted
# Ändere Größe des LVM PV (siehe [[LVM]])
pvresize /dev/mapper/crypted
```
## SSD-TRIM-Unterstützung
SSD TRIM ermöglicht es dem Betriebssystem, der SSD mitzuteilen, welche Blöcke nicht mehr in Gebrauch sind und verbessert damit Leistung und Haltbarkeit. Bei verschlüsselten Festplatten erfordert TRIM-Unterstützung eine sorgfältige Konfiguration.
### Aktivieren von TRIM auf verschlüsselten SSDs
**Wichtig:** Das Zulassen von discard (TRIM) auf verschlüsselten Geräten kann Informationen über verwendete Blöcke verraten. Bedenke die Sicherheitsauswirkungen.
**Optionen:**
1. **Erlaube discard auf LUKS-Ebene:**
```bash
cryptsetup reencrypt --encrypt --reduce-device-size 16M --allow-discards /dev/sdX
```
2. **Verwende fstrim auf gemountettem Dateisystem:**
```bash
fstrim /mount/point
```
3. **Konfiguriere periodisches TRIM:**
```bash
# Aktiviere systemd-Timer
systemctl enable fstrim.timer
systemctl start fstrim.timer
```
**Referenz:** https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Specialties#Discard/TRIM_support_for_solid_state_drives_(SSD)
## Beziehungen
(häufige Distribution für Verschlüsselung)
- **Ergänzt:** [[LVM]] (Logical Volume Manager)
(Leistungsoptimierung)
und anderen Systemen
Ansatz
## Sicherheitsaspekte
### Best Practices
1. **Verwende starke Passphrasen:** Lange, komplexe Passphrasen mit hoher Entropie
2. **Backup LUKS-Header:** `cryptsetup luksHeaderBackup /dev/sdX1 --header-backup-file header.img`
3. **Mehrere Schlüssel-Slots:** Speichere Backup-Schlüssel in separaten Slots
4. **Schlüsseldateien:** Erwäge Schlüsseldateien für headless-Systeme
5. **Vermeide discard:** Für maximale Sicherheit, deaktiviere TRIM auf verschlüsselten Geräten
### Einschränkungen
- **Schützt nicht vor:** Evil-Maid-Angriffen, Keyloggern, Schulter-Blicken
- **Leistungs-Overhead:** Verschlüsselung/Entschlüsselung fügt CPU-Overhead hinzu (typischerweise 5-10%)
- **Wiederherstellung:** Verlorene Passphrase = verlorene Daten (kein Hintertür)
## Siehe auch
- [[LVM]] - Logical Volume Manager
- TRIM-Optimierung für SSDs
- Distribution mit hervorragender Verschlüsselungsunterstützung
- [[Source - Arch Linux Cheat Sheet]]
- https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt
- https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/LUKS
- https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup
<!-- wikitool:links -->
## Beziehungen
- **see-also:** [[LVM]]
- **see-also:** [[Arch Linux]]
<!-- /wikitool:links -->