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Files changed: - .wikitool-kb.json - AGENTS.md - CHANGES.md - INSTALL-MCP.md - INSTALL.md - README.md - VERSION - instructions/capture-session.md - instructions/dev/issue-tracking.md - instructions/german-terminology.md - instructions/kb-profiles.md - instructions/migrate-corpus.md - instructions/migrations/5.0.0-confidence-removal.md - instructions/private-instance.md - instructions/setup-instance.md - instructions/wiki-lint/SKILL.md - instructions/wiki-manage/SKILL.md - instructions/wiki-query/SKILL.md - kb/CONTRACT.md - kb/CONVENTIONS.md - kb/CONVENTIONS.md.template - kb/concepts/architectures/Consolidation Tiers.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Context Isolation.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Cross-platform Agent Skills.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Episodic Memory.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Hybrid Search.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Implementation Spectrum.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Knowledge Graph.md - kb/concepts/architectures/LLM Wiki Pattern.md - kb/concepts/architectures/MCP-Leseserver.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Memory Lifecycle.md - kb/concepts/architectures/OKF Compatibility.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Optional Instance Context File.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Personalization Plane.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Procedural Memory.md - kb/concepts/architectures/RAG.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Scale Ceiling.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Semantic Memory.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Three-Layer Architecture.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Token Economics.md - kb/concepts/architectures/Working Memory.md - kb/concepts/decisions/Delete Rather Than Anonymize.md - kb/concepts/decisions/Denylist over Allowlist.md - kb/concepts/decisions/Diff-Reviewable Agent Edits.md - kb/concepts/decisions/Dual Licensing by File Plan.md - kb/concepts/decisions/Issue Label Scheme.md - kb/concepts/decisions/KB Stack Versioning.md - kb/concepts/decisions/Structural Enforcement over Documented Rule.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Audit Trail.md - kb/concepts/patterns/BM25.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Command Round-Trip Integrity.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Confidence Scoring.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Contradiction Resolution.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Entity Extraction.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Filter on Ingest.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Forgetting.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Graph Traversal.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Mesh Sync.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Quality Scoring.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Reciprocal Rank Fusion.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Self-Healing.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Shared vs Private.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Typed Relationships.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Vector Search.md - kb/concepts/patterns/Work Coordination.md - kb/concepts/problems/Ambient Environment Dependency.md - kb/concepts/problems/Detect-Repair Asymmetry.md - kb/concepts/problems/Green Suite Blind Spot.md - kb/concepts/problems/Naming Convention Conflict.md - kb/concepts/problems/Write-Once Frontmatter Fields.md - kb/concepts/protocols/CPPC.md - kb/concepts/protocols/Modbus.md - kb/concepts/protocols/SSD TRIM.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Anti-Cramming Heuristic.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Bulk Operations.md - kb/concepts/workflows/CI Integration.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Checkpoint Audit.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Claude Code Auto Mode.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Content Quality Control.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Crystallization.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Event-Driven Automation.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Hooks.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Index Scaling.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Iteration and Cost Limits.md - kb/concepts/workflows/KB Migration.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Knowledge Compounding.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Lint Workflow.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Mass-Update Gate.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Multi-Agent Collaboration.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Privacy and Governance.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Publish-Remote Gate.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Quality and Self-Correction.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Semantic Lint Automation.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Session Orientation.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Split Merge Reclassify.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Split Threshold.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Stub Threshold.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Supersession.md - kb/concepts/workflows/User Management.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Workflow Extraction.md - kb/concepts/workflows/Workflow Orchestration.md - kb/entities/people/Andrej Karpathy.md - kb/entities/people/E3DC GmbH.md - kb/entities/people/Rohit Gupta.md - kb/entities/people/Vannevar Bush.md - kb/entities/projects/BCDModule.md - kb/entities/projects/Chemenu.md - kb/entities/projects/andybalholm-edl.md - kb/entities/projects/goresponsiveness.md - kb/entities/projects/ha-core.md - kb/entities/projects/hacs-e3dc.md - kb/entities/projects/hacs-integration-blueprint.md - kb/entities/projects/llm-wiki-skills.md - kb/entities/projects/plugnburn-edl.md - kb/entities/projects/wiki-skills-vanillaflava.md - kb/entities/projects/wiki-skills.md - kb/entities/systems/AGENTS.md.md - kb/entities/systems/CLAUDE.md.md - kb/entities/systems/E3DC.md - kb/entities/systems/ENVIRONMENT.md.md - kb/entities/systems/Memex.md - kb/entities/systems/Tolkien Gateway.md - 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tools/chemenu/commands/doctor.py - tools/chemenu/commands/index_build.py - tools/chemenu/commands/new_page.py - tools/chemenu/commands/search.py - tools/chemenu/commands/touch.py - tools/chemenu/commands/version_cmd.py - tools/chemenu/conventions.py - tools/chemenu/corpus_diff.py - tools/chemenu/frontmatter_io.py - tools/chemenu/lint_core.py - tools/chemenu/mcp/server.py - tools/chemenu/page.py - tools/chemenu/search/base.py - tools/chemenu/search/filters.py - tools/chemenu/search/ripgrep.py - tools/chemenu/search/service.py - tools/chemenu/search/types.py - tools/chemenu/tests/conftest.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_api.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_confidence_decay.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_corpus_diff.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_docs_verify.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_frontmatter_io.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_index_build.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_kb_scan.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_lint.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_mcp_server.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_new_page.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_page_ops.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_provenance.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_raw_cmd.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_search.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_touch.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_type_resolver.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_version_cmd.py - tools/chemenu/tests/test_xref.py - tools/chemenu/version.py - types/concept.md - types/concept.schema.yaml - types/entity.md - types/entity.schema.yaml - types/instruction.md - types/type-spec.md
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7.1 KiB
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---
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type: types/concept.md
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concept_type: workflow
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tags: [linux, administration, security, users, groups]
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created: 2026-07-31
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modified: 2026-08-29
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related:
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- see-also: Arch Linux
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- see-also: AUR
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- see-also: Aura
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- see-also: makepkg
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sources: [Source - Arch Linux Cheat Sheet]
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provenance: sourced
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summary: Linux-Ablauf zum Anlegen, Ändern, Überwachen und Löschen von Benutzerkonten mit useradd, usermod und userdel, samt Gruppenverwaltung und sudoers-Konfiguration.
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---
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# User Management
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**Typ:** workflow
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## Definition
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Benutzerverwaltung umfasst die Erstellung, Änderung, Überwachung und Löschung von Benutzerkonten auf einem Linux-System. Dies beinhaltet die Verwaltung von Passwörtern, Gruppenmitgliedschaften, Berechtigungen und Kontostatus (gesperrt/entsperrt, aktiviert/deaktiviert).
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## Kernpunkte
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- **Kernwerkzeuge:** `useradd`, `usermod`, `userdel`, `passwd`
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- **Konfiguration:** `/etc/passwd`, `/etc/shadow`, `/etc/group`, `/etc/sudoers`
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- **Kontostatus:** Aktiv, gesperrt, abgelaufen, deaktiviert
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- **Best Practice:** Principle of least privilege
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## Sperrung von Konten
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Die Sperrung eines Benutzerkontos verhindert die kennwortbasierte Authentifizierung, während das Konto und seine Dateien erhalten bleiben. Das Konto kann später ohne Datenverlust entsperrt werden.
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### Methoden zum Sperren von Konten
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#### Methode 1: usermod (Empfohlen)
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```bash
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# Lock an account
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sudo usermod -L username
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# Unlock an account
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sudo usermod -U username
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```
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**Was passiert:** Fügt das Präfix `!` zum Passwort-Hash in `/etc/shadow` hinzu
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#### Methode 2: passwd
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```bash
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# Lock an account
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sudo passwd -l username
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# Unlock an account
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sudo passwd -u username
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```
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**Was passiert:** Gleiches wie `usermod -L`, fügt das Präfix `!` zum Passwort hinzu
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### Sperrstatus überprüfen
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```bash
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# Check if user account is locked
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passwd --status username
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```
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**Beispielausgabe:**
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```
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username LK 2026-07-31 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.)
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```
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Das Flag `LK` zeigt **G**esperrtes Konto an (Passwort gesperrt).
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### Alle Benutzer überprüfen
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```bash
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# List all users with account status
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passwd -a --status
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# Alternative: check /etc/shadow
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sudo grep '^username:' /etc/shadow
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```
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**Format für gesperrtes Passwort:** Präfix `!` oder `!!` im zweiten Feld von `/etc/shadow`
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## Benutzer erstellen
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### Einfache Benutzererstellung
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```bash
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# Create user with home directory
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sudo useradd -m username
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# Set password
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sudo passwd username
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# Create user with custom home, shell, and comment
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sudo useradd -m -d /home/customdir -s /bin/bash -c "Full Name" username
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```
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### Benutzer mit Ablaufdatum erstellen
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```bash
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# Create user that expires on specific date
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sudo useradd -e 2026-12-31 username
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# Modify expiry of existing user
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sudo usermod -e 2026-12-31 username
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```
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### Massenerstellung von Benutzern
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```bash
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# Create multiple users
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for user in user1 user2 user3; do
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sudo useradd -m $user
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sudo passwd $user
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done
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```
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## Benutzer löschen
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### Benutzer entfernen (Home-Verzeichnis behalten)
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```bash
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sudo userdel username
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```
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### Benutzer und Home-Verzeichnis entfernen
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```bash
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sudo userdel -r username
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```
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### Erzwungenes Löschen (Benutzer ist angemeldet)
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```bash
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# Kill user processes first
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sudo pkill -u username
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sudo pkill -9 -u username
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# Then delete
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sudo userdel -r -f username
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```
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## Gruppenverwaltung
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### Gruppen erstellen und verwalten
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```bash
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# Create group
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sudo groupadd groupname
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# Add user to group
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sudo usermod -aG groupname username
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# Remove user from group
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sudo gpasswd -d username groupname
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# Delete group
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sudo groupdel groupname
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```
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### Primäre vs. ergänzende Gruppen
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- **Primäre Gruppe:** Wird bei Anmeldung gesetzt, Standard für neue Dateien
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- **Ergänzende Gruppen:** Zusätzliche Gruppenmitgliedschaften
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```bash
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# Set primary group
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sudo usermod -g primarygroup username
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# Add to supplementary group
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sudo usermod -aG supplementarygroup username
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```
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## Sudo-Konfiguration
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### Benutzer zu Sudoers hinzufügen
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```bash
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# Add to wheel group (most distributions)
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sudo usermod -aG wheel username
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# Manual sudoers entry
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sudo visudo
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# Add line: username ALL=(ALL) ALL
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```
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### Passwortloses Sudo
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```bash
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# Add to sudoers with NOPASSWD
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sudo visudo
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# Add line: username ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
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# For CI/CD containers (example from [[Arch Linux]] page)
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echo "builder ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL" >> /etc/sudoers
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```
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## Passwortverwaltung
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### Passwort ändern
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```bash
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# Change own password
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passwd
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# Change another user's password (requires sudo)
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sudo passwd username
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```
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### Erzwinge Passwortänderung beim nächsten Anmelden
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```bash
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sudo passwd -e username
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```
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### Passwortrichtlinien
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Konfigurieren in `/etc/login.defs`:
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- `PASS_MAX_DAYS` - Maximales Paswortalter
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- `PASS_MIN_DAYS` - Minimales Paswortalter
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- `PASS_MIN_LEN` - Minimale Passwortlänge
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## Benutzer überwachen
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### Angemeldete Benutzer auflisten
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```bash
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# Show logged in users
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who
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# Show with more details
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w
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# Show login history
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last
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# Show user processes
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ps -u username
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```
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### Anmeldestatus des Benutzers überprüfen
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```bash
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# Check when user last logged in
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lastlog | grep username
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# Check user's login shell
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getent passwd username | cut -d: -f7
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```
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## Kontoablauf
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### Ablauf überprüfen
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```bash
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# Check when account expires
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chage -l username
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# Check via /etc/shadow (field 8 = expiry date)
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sudo grep username /etc/shadow | cut -d: -f8
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```
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### Ablauf einstellen
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```bash
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# Set expiry date (YYYY-MM-DD)
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sudo chage -E 2026-12-31 username
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# Set password expiry (days until must change)
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sudo chage -M 90 username
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```
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## Deaktivieren vs. Sperren
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| Aktion | Methode | Umkehrbar | Erhält Dateien | Erhält UID/GID |
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|--------|--------|------------|------------------|-------------------|
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| Sperren | `usermod -L` oder `passwd -l` | Ja | Ja | Ja |
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| Deaktivieren | `usermod --expiredate 1` | Ja | Ja | Ja |
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| Löschen | `userdel` | Nein | Vielleicht (mit -r) | Nein |
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## Best Practices
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1. **Gruppen verwenden:** Berechtigungen über Gruppen verwalten, nicht über einzelne Benutzer
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2. **Least Privilege:** Nur notwendige Berechtigungen erteilen
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3. **Kontobereinigung:** Regelmäßig ungenutzte Konten entfernen
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4. **Passwortrichtlinien:** Starke Passwörter und Rotation erzwingen
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5. **Audit-Protokolle:** Benutzeraktivitätsprotokolle überwachen
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6. **Sudoers sichern:** Immer `visudo` verwenden, nie direkt bearbeiten
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7. **SSH-Schlüssel:** SSH-Schlüsselverwaltung gegenüber Passwörtern bevorzugen
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## Häufige Probleme
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### Benutzer kann sich nicht anmelden
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```bash
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# Check account status
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passwd -S username
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# Check if locked
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passwd --status username | grep LK
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# Check if expired
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chage -l username | grep "Account expires"
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# Check if shell is valid
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getent passwd username | cut -d: -f7
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```
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### Berechtigung verweigert
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```bash
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# Check group membership
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groups username
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# Check file permissions
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ls -la /path/to/file
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# Check effective permissions
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sudo -u username test -r /path/to/file
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```
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## Beziehungen
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## Siehe auch
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- [[Source - Arch Linux Cheat Sheet]]
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- https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Users_and_groups
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- https://www.thegeekdiary.com/unix-linux-how-to-lock-or-disable-an-user-account/
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<!-- wikitool:links -->
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## Beziehungen
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- **see-also:** [[Arch Linux]]
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- **see-also:** [[AUR]]
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- **see-also:** [[Aura]]
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- **see-also:** [[makepkg]]
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<!-- /wikitool:links -->
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